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Abstract
This research generally aims to identify the developments in the concept of human rights at both the national and international levels. In particular, this study analyzes how the conception of education is a constitutional right of every Indonesian citizen. This study employs normative legal research methods supported by several approaches, namely conceptual, statutory and historical approaches. The results of this study conclude that the development of human rights which originally came from the doctrine of natural rights has developed into constitutional rights when these rights were included as part of the constitutions of many countries. This study found that education is a constitutional right based on Article 31 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia relating to the right to education, there are a number of basic principles that must be considered, including: first, Education, as a constitutional right which is part of positive rights, requires the state to make public policies that each moment brings closer to the fulfillment or maximum enjoyment of this right. Second, education must be managed and organized by the state as a system, namely the national education system. Third, the government is obliged to promote science for the advancement of human welfare and civilization. As part of a constitutional right, which means part of the constitution which is a fundamental law, this right must not be deviated from the practice of administering the state.
Keywords: Education; Constitutional Rights; Indonesian Citizens
Abstrak
Penelitian ini secara umum bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengidentifikasi perkembangan konsepsi hak-hak asasi manusia baik di tingkat nasional maupun mainternasional. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menganalisis tentang bagaimana konsepsi pendidikan sebagai hak konstitusional setiap warga negara Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan dukungan beberapa pendekatan yakni pendekatan konseptual, perundang-undangan, dan sejarah. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perkembangan hak-hak asasi manusia yang semula berasal dari doktrin tentang hak-hak alamiah berkembang menjadi dari hak-hak konstitusional tatkala hak-hak tersebut dimasukkan sebagai bagian dari konstitusi banyak negara. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pendidikan merupakan hak konstitusional berdasarkan Pasal 31 UUD NRI 1945 berkaitan dengan hak pendidikan, ada sejumlah prinsip dasar yang harus diperhatikan antara lain: pertama, Pendidikan, sebagai hak konstitusional yang merupakan bagian dari positive rights, mewajibkan negara untuk membuat kebijakan umum yang setiap saat makin mendekatkan pemenuhan atau penikmatan secara maksimum hak itu. Kedua, Pendidikan harus diusahakan dan diselenggarakan oleh negara sebagai suatu sistem, yaitu sistem pendidikan nasional. Ketiga, Pemerintah diwajibkan memajukan ilmu pengetahuan untuk kemajuan kesejahteraan dan peradaban manusia. Sebagai bagian dari hak konstitusional, yang berarti bagian dari konstitusi yang merupakan hukum fundamental, hak ini tidak boleh disimpangi dalam praktik penyelenggaraan negara.
Kata-kata Kunci: Pendidikan; Hak Konstitusional; Warga Negara Indonesia
Keywords
Article Details
References
Das Basu, Durga, Human Rights in Constitutional Law, Wadhwa and Company, New Delhi-Nagpur-Agra, 2003.
Hanski, Raija and Markku Suksi, (Eds.), An Inttroduction to the International Protection of Human Rights. A Textbook, Second Revised Edition, Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, Turku/Åbo, 2006.
J. O’Byrne, Darren, Human Rights, An Introduction, First Indian Reprint, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2004.
Jayawickrama, Nihal, The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional and International Jurisprudence, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge-New York-Port Melbourne-Madrid-Cape Town, 2002.
K.M. Smith, Rhona, Texts and Materials on Human Rights, Routledge-Cavendish, London and New York, 2007.
Scholler, Heinrich, Notes on Constitutional Interpretation, Hans Seidel Foundation, Jakarta, 2004.
Rachel Bayefsky, “Dignity, Honour, and Human Rights: Kant’s Perspective”, Political Theory, Vol. 41 No. 6, 2013.
Lawrence David, “A Principled Approach to the Positive/Negative Rights Debate in Canadian Constitutional Adjudication.” Const. F., Vol. 23 No. 1, 2014.
Sujatmoko Emmanuel, “Hak Warga Negara dalam Memperoleh Pendidikan.” Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016.
Jorge M. Farinacci-Fernós, “Constitutionally Required Judicial Activism: Re-Examining the Role of Courts in Modern Constitutional Adjudication.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 41 No. 1, 2018.
Mark F N Franke, “A Critique of the Universalisability of Critical Human Rights Theory: The Displacement of Immanuel Kant”, Human Rights Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, 2013.
Dieter Grimm, “The Role of Fundamental Rights after Sixty-Five Years of Constitutional Jurisprudence in Germany”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2015.
Brenda Hale, “Magna Carta: Our Shared Heritage”, J. Sup. Ct. Hist, Vol. 41 No. 2, 2016.
John E Haubenreich, “Education and the Constitution”, Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 87 No. 4, 2012.
Donald Bello Hutt, “Constitutional Interpretation and Institutional Perspectives: A Deliberative Proposal”, Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, Vol. 31 No. 2, 2018.
Jody Heymann, Amy Raub, and Adele Cassola, “Constitutional Rights to Education and Their Relationship to National Policy and School Enrolment,” International Journal of Educational Development 39, 2014.
José-Luis Gaviria, “Education: A Compulsory Right? A Fundamental Tension Within A Fundamental Right,” British Journal of Educational Studies, January 11 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2021.2024136.
Juanda, “Anomali Anggaran Pendidikan dalam Pengaturan dan Praktek.” Dharmasisya, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2021.
Hanna-Mari Kivistö, “The Concept of ‘Human Dignity’in the Post-War Human Rights Debates”, Res Publica: Revista de Filosofía Política Vol. 27, 2012.
Lorrin Thomas, “When We Talk about Human Rights,” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 6 No. 2, 2015.
Dragne Luminta, “Evolution of the Human Rights Issue.” International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2013. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v2-i6/475.
Achmad Edi Subiyanto, “Perlindungan Hak Konstitusional Melalui Pengaduan Konstitusional”, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 8 No. 5, 2016.
Guglielmo Verdirame, “Human Rights in Political and Legal Theory”, King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2014-31, 2014. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2297751
Messetti, Paulo André Stein, and Dalmo de Abreu Dallari. “Human Dignity in the Light of the Constitution, Human Rights and Bioethics.” Journal of Human Growth and Development, Vol. 28 No. 3, 2018.
Putera Astomo, “Politik Hukum Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Yang Responsif Di Era Globalisasi”, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 50 No. 2, 2021.
Pipi Susanti, and Rafiqa Sari. “Government Responsibility for the Fulfillment Basic Rights of Unprosperous People in Education Sector”, Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, Vol. 4 No. 1, 2021.
Ristina Yudhanti, “Kebijakan Hukum Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga Atas Pendidikan Dasar,” Pandecta: Research Law Journal, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2013.
I Dewa Gede Palguna, “Pengaduan Konstitusional: Upaya Hukum Perlindungan Hak-hak Konstitusional Warga Negara (Studi Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Perbandingan”, disertasi untuk memperoleh gelar doktor dalam ilmu hukum yang telah dipertahankan dalam sidang terbuka di Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 21 Mei 2011.
“Berapa Jumlah Anak Putus Sekolah Di Indonesia”, https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/16/berapa-jumlah-anak-putus-sekolah-di-indonesia, diakses tanggal 13 Oktober 2022.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia
Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa
References
Das Basu, Durga, Human Rights in Constitutional Law, Wadhwa and Company, New Delhi-Nagpur-Agra, 2003.
Hanski, Raija and Markku Suksi, (Eds.), An Inttroduction to the International Protection of Human Rights. A Textbook, Second Revised Edition, Institute for Human Rights, Åbo Akademi University, Turku/Åbo, 2006.
J. O’Byrne, Darren, Human Rights, An Introduction, First Indian Reprint, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2004.
Jayawickrama, Nihal, The Judicial Application of Human Rights Law: National, Regional and International Jurisprudence, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge-New York-Port Melbourne-Madrid-Cape Town, 2002.
K.M. Smith, Rhona, Texts and Materials on Human Rights, Routledge-Cavendish, London and New York, 2007.
Scholler, Heinrich, Notes on Constitutional Interpretation, Hans Seidel Foundation, Jakarta, 2004.
Rachel Bayefsky, “Dignity, Honour, and Human Rights: Kant’s Perspective”, Political Theory, Vol. 41 No. 6, 2013.
Lawrence David, “A Principled Approach to the Positive/Negative Rights Debate in Canadian Constitutional Adjudication.” Const. F., Vol. 23 No. 1, 2014.
Sujatmoko Emmanuel, “Hak Warga Negara dalam Memperoleh Pendidikan.” Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2016.
Jorge M. Farinacci-Fernós, “Constitutionally Required Judicial Activism: Re-Examining the Role of Courts in Modern Constitutional Adjudication.” Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 41 No. 1, 2018.
Mark F N Franke, “A Critique of the Universalisability of Critical Human Rights Theory: The Displacement of Immanuel Kant”, Human Rights Review, Vol. 14 No. 4, 2013.
Dieter Grimm, “The Role of Fundamental Rights after Sixty-Five Years of Constitutional Jurisprudence in Germany”, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 13 No. 1, 2015.
Brenda Hale, “Magna Carta: Our Shared Heritage”, J. Sup. Ct. Hist, Vol. 41 No. 2, 2016.
John E Haubenreich, “Education and the Constitution”, Peabody Journal of Education, Vol. 87 No. 4, 2012.
Donald Bello Hutt, “Constitutional Interpretation and Institutional Perspectives: A Deliberative Proposal”, Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence, Vol. 31 No. 2, 2018.
Jody Heymann, Amy Raub, and Adele Cassola, “Constitutional Rights to Education and Their Relationship to National Policy and School Enrolment,” International Journal of Educational Development 39, 2014.
José-Luis Gaviria, “Education: A Compulsory Right? A Fundamental Tension Within A Fundamental Right,” British Journal of Educational Studies, January 11 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071005.2021.2024136.
Juanda, “Anomali Anggaran Pendidikan dalam Pengaturan dan Praktek.” Dharmasisya, Vol. 1 No. 2, 2021.
Hanna-Mari Kivistö, “The Concept of ‘Human Dignity’in the Post-War Human Rights Debates”, Res Publica: Revista de Filosofía Política Vol. 27, 2012.
Lorrin Thomas, “When We Talk about Human Rights,” Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development, Vol. 6 No. 2, 2015.
Dragne Luminta, “Evolution of the Human Rights Issue.” International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 6, 2013. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v2-i6/475.
Achmad Edi Subiyanto, “Perlindungan Hak Konstitusional Melalui Pengaduan Konstitusional”, Jurnal Konstitusi, Vol. 8 No. 5, 2016.
Guglielmo Verdirame, “Human Rights in Political and Legal Theory”, King's College London Law School Research Paper No. 2014-31, 2014. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2297751
Messetti, Paulo André Stein, and Dalmo de Abreu Dallari. “Human Dignity in the Light of the Constitution, Human Rights and Bioethics.” Journal of Human Growth and Development, Vol. 28 No. 3, 2018.
Putera Astomo, “Politik Hukum Penyelenggaraan Sistem Pendidikan Nasional Yang Responsif Di Era Globalisasi”, Masalah-Masalah Hukum, Vol. 50 No. 2, 2021.
Pipi Susanti, and Rafiqa Sari. “Government Responsibility for the Fulfillment Basic Rights of Unprosperous People in Education Sector”, Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, Vol. 4 No. 1, 2021.
Ristina Yudhanti, “Kebijakan Hukum Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Warga Atas Pendidikan Dasar,” Pandecta: Research Law Journal, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2013.
I Dewa Gede Palguna, “Pengaduan Konstitusional: Upaya Hukum Perlindungan Hak-hak Konstitusional Warga Negara (Studi Kewenangan Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Perbandingan”, disertasi untuk memperoleh gelar doktor dalam ilmu hukum yang telah dipertahankan dalam sidang terbuka di Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Hukum Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 21 Mei 2011.
“Berapa Jumlah Anak Putus Sekolah Di Indonesia”, https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2022/03/16/berapa-jumlah-anak-putus-sekolah-di-indonesia, diakses tanggal 13 Oktober 2022.
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia
Piagam Perserikatan Bangsa-bangsa