Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose – This study analyzes the potential of zakat for poverty alleviation using a system dynamics approach. Indonesia has excellent zakat potential as a country with the largest Muslim population. However, the poverty rate in Indonesia is still high at approximately 10.14% of the total population.
Methodology – This study used system dynamics to model how zakat can reduce poverty in Indonesia. The system dynamics method was chosen because of its capability to model the complexity of the system.
Findings – The model indicates that increasing the percentage of productive zakat allocation and decreasing the delay of the conversion program can reduce the poverty alleviation time from 200 to 120 years using the zakat nisab standard and from 32 years using the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) poverty standard. However, if Zakat faces limited funds, the focus should be on decreasing the conversion delay.
Implications –This research can encourage people to become muzakki (zakat payers) because, as indicated in the simulation models, muzakki growth of muzakki has a role in poverty alleviation. In addition, Zakat institutions can use the developed model to simulate the best policy for poverty alleviation before implementing the program.
Originality – Although the system dynamics approach has shown promising findings in modeling poverty, the number of studies utilizing system dynamics to analyze the effect of zakat on poverty reduction is limited. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of zakat in alleviating poverty by implementing a system-based approach and simulating system dynamics.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Ahlburg, D. A. (1984). Forecast evaluation and improvement using theil’s decomposition. Journal of Forecasting, 3(3), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.3980030313
- Alim, M. N. (2015). Utilization and accounting of zakat for productive purposes in Indonesia: A Review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.028
- Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Saad, N., & Ariffin, I. (2017). The comparison between consumption and production-based zakat distribution programs for poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction. International Journal of Zakat, 2(2), 11–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i2.22
- Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Saad, N. M., & Ariffin, M. I. (2018). Zakat for poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction: West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 4(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i1.767
- Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Statistik zakat nasional 2019. https://baznas.go.id/statistik-zakat-nasional
- Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2022). Laporan zakat dan pengentasan kemiskinan 2022. https://www.puskasbaznas.com/publications/published/officialnews/1763-laporan-zakat-dan-pengentasan-kemiskinan-2022
- Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2023). Outlook zakat Indonesia 2023. https://www.puskasbaznas.com/publications/books/1737-outlook-zakat-indonesia-2023
- Biro Pusat Statistik. (2022a). Persentase penduduk miskin (P0) menurut provinsi dan daerah 2021-2022. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/23/192/1/persentase-penduduk-miskin-menurut-provinsi.html
- Biro Pusat Statistik. (2022b). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia September 2022. Berita Resmi Statistik: Vol. No. 08/01/ (Issue 2023). https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2023/01/16/2034/gini-ratio-september-2022-tercatat-sebesar-0-381.html
- Khairullah, R. (2022). Analisis pengaruh penurunan alokasi dana zakat terhadap proses transformasi mustahik menjadi muzakki menggunakan metode sistem dinamik. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
- Masyita, D. (2005). A dynamic model for cash waqf management as one of the alternative instruments for the poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The 23rd International Conference of The System Dynamics Society. https://ideas.repec.org/p/unp/wpaman/200502.html
- Masyita, D. (2007). Developing a computer simulation based approach to simulate potency of islamic voluntary sector to alleviate the poverty in Indonesia using system dynamics methodology. First International Conference on Inclusive Islamic Financial Sector Development: Enhancing Islamic Financial Services for Micro and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MMEs). https://ideas.repec.org/p/unp/wpaman/200703.html
- Miles, D. A. (2017). A taxonomy of research gaps: Identifying and defining the seven research gaps methodological gap. Doctoral Student Workshop: Finding Research Gaps - Research Methods and Strategies, August, 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanusi-Sani-Maimagani/post/What-is-a-research-gap-or-knowledge-gap-in-research-and-literature-Is-gap-explored-or-constructed-How-can-gap-in-research-be-identified/attachment/612e5570647f3906fc94fab2/AS%3A10628998501539
- Mohamad, A. I., Zulkepli, J., & Abidin, N. Z. (2022). Generic system dynamics model of zakat collection and microtakaful contribution for poor and needy asnaf category. AIP Conference Proceeding. 2472, 040015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0092739
- Murtaza, G., & Faridi, M. Z. (2015). Causality linkages among energy poverty, income inequality income poverty and growth: A system dynamic modelling approach author. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4), 407–425. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43831328
- Romdhoni, A. H. (2018). Effect of productive zakat program on the improvement of welfare in Sragen regency. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 4(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol4.iss1.art5
- Sterman, J. (2000). Business dynamics - systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
- Vasconcelos, P. N., Zambroni de Souza, A. C., Ribeiro, P. F., Alencar, P., & Balestrassi, P. P. (2022). A multi-aspect dynamic system model to assess poverty traps. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 61, 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88016-3_18
- Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
- World Bank. (2023). Population - Indonesia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2021&locations=ID&start=1960&view=chart
- Yudi, B., Haeruman, M., Rochdiani, D., & Rasmikayati, E. (2016). Using system dynamics approach in modeling the integrated farming scenario to increase cassava production in Indonesia. International Journal of Computer Applications, 142(9), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016909921
References
Ahlburg, D. A. (1984). Forecast evaluation and improvement using theil’s decomposition. Journal of Forecasting, 3(3), 345–351. https://doi.org/10.1002/for.3980030313
Alim, M. N. (2015). Utilization and accounting of zakat for productive purposes in Indonesia: A Review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.028
Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Saad, N., & Ariffin, I. (2017). The comparison between consumption and production-based zakat distribution programs for poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction. International Journal of Zakat, 2(2), 11–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i2.22
Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Saad, N. M., & Ariffin, M. I. (2018). Zakat for poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction: West Java, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance, 4(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v4i1.767
Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Statistik zakat nasional 2019. https://baznas.go.id/statistik-zakat-nasional
Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2022). Laporan zakat dan pengentasan kemiskinan 2022. https://www.puskasbaznas.com/publications/published/officialnews/1763-laporan-zakat-dan-pengentasan-kemiskinan-2022
Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2023). Outlook zakat Indonesia 2023. https://www.puskasbaznas.com/publications/books/1737-outlook-zakat-indonesia-2023
Biro Pusat Statistik. (2022a). Persentase penduduk miskin (P0) menurut provinsi dan daerah 2021-2022. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/23/192/1/persentase-penduduk-miskin-menurut-provinsi.html
Biro Pusat Statistik. (2022b). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia September 2022. Berita Resmi Statistik: Vol. No. 08/01/ (Issue 2023). https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2023/01/16/2034/gini-ratio-september-2022-tercatat-sebesar-0-381.html
Khairullah, R. (2022). Analisis pengaruh penurunan alokasi dana zakat terhadap proses transformasi mustahik menjadi muzakki menggunakan metode sistem dinamik. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
Masyita, D. (2005). A dynamic model for cash waqf management as one of the alternative instruments for the poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The 23rd International Conference of The System Dynamics Society. https://ideas.repec.org/p/unp/wpaman/200502.html
Masyita, D. (2007). Developing a computer simulation based approach to simulate potency of islamic voluntary sector to alleviate the poverty in Indonesia using system dynamics methodology. First International Conference on Inclusive Islamic Financial Sector Development: Enhancing Islamic Financial Services for Micro and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MMEs). https://ideas.repec.org/p/unp/wpaman/200703.html
Miles, D. A. (2017). A taxonomy of research gaps: Identifying and defining the seven research gaps methodological gap. Doctoral Student Workshop: Finding Research Gaps - Research Methods and Strategies, August, 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanusi-Sani-Maimagani/post/What-is-a-research-gap-or-knowledge-gap-in-research-and-literature-Is-gap-explored-or-constructed-How-can-gap-in-research-be-identified/attachment/612e5570647f3906fc94fab2/AS%3A10628998501539
Mohamad, A. I., Zulkepli, J., & Abidin, N. Z. (2022). Generic system dynamics model of zakat collection and microtakaful contribution for poor and needy asnaf category. AIP Conference Proceeding. 2472, 040015. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0092739
Murtaza, G., & Faridi, M. Z. (2015). Causality linkages among energy poverty, income inequality income poverty and growth: A system dynamic modelling approach author. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4), 407–425. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43831328
Romdhoni, A. H. (2018). Effect of productive zakat program on the improvement of welfare in Sragen regency. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 4(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.20885/JEKI.vol4.iss1.art5
Sterman, J. (2000). Business dynamics - systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Vasconcelos, P. N., Zambroni de Souza, A. C., Ribeiro, P. F., Alencar, P., & Balestrassi, P. P. (2022). A multi-aspect dynamic system model to assess poverty traps. Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics, 61, 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88016-3_18
Widiastuti, T., Mawardi, I., Zulaikha, S., Herianingrum, S., Robani, A., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Atiya, N. (2022). The nexus between Islamic social finance, quality of human resource, governance, and poverty. Heliyon, 8(12), e11885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11885
World Bank. (2023). Population - Indonesia. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2021&locations=ID&start=1960&view=chart
Yudi, B., Haeruman, M., Rochdiani, D., & Rasmikayati, E. (2016). Using system dynamics approach in modeling the integrated farming scenario to increase cassava production in Indonesia. International Journal of Computer Applications, 142(9), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.5120/ijca2016909921