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Abstract
Background: Pharmaceutical pictograms can be used to help tuberculosis patients understand treatment information, especially those with low reading skills.
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the guessability score and the level of understanding of pharmaceutical pictograms related to the use of TB drugs.
Method: This was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample used was 96 TB patients who were actively undergoing treatment. The guessability score and level of understanding were analyzed descriptively, while the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and the level of understanding of pharmaceutical pictograms was analyzed using the Chi-square test.
Results: The results showed that the guessability score of 23 pictograms tested on respondents varied greatly, with a score range of 29.2%–99%. Meanwhile, the level of respondents' understanding of pharmaceutical pictograms related to TB treatment was in the "fair" category. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the level of respondents’ education and their understanding of pharmaceutical pictograms.
Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrated that not all pictogram images were simple for respondents to understand. It is necessary to choose pictogram images that are easy for respondents to understand or redesign pictogram images so that they can be used to improve the effectiveness of drug information delivery to patients.
Intisari
Latar belakang: Gambar piktogram kefarmasian dapat digunakan untuk membantu pasien tuberkulosis memahami informasi pengobatan, khususnya untuk pasien dengan tingkat literasi rendah.
Tujuan: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengukur kemampuan menerka (guessability score) dan pemahaman responden terhadap piktogram kefarmasian terkait pengobatan tuberkulosis.
Metode: Penelitian observasional cross-sectional terhadap 96 responden pasien TB yang aktif menjalani pengobatan. Guessability score dan tingkat pemahaman dianalisis secara deskriptif, sedangkan hubungan karakteristik sosio-demografi dengan tingkat pemahaman dianalisis dengan uji Chi-square.
Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kemampuan menerka (guessability score) terhadap 23 gambar piktogram sangat beragam, dengan rentang skor 29,2% – 99%. Sedangkan tingkat pemahaman responden terhadap piktogram kefarmasian terkait pengobatan TB masuk dalam kategori “cukup”. Uji Chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pendidikan terhadap tingkat pemahaman responden.
Kesimpulan: Tidak semua gambar piktogram kefarmasian mudah dipahami oleh responden. Untuk itu perlu memilih gambar piktogram yang mudah dipahami reponden atau melakukan desain ulang gambar piktogram sehingga dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pemberian informasi obat pada pasien.
Kata kunci: guessability score, pemahaman, piktogram kefarmasian, tuberculosis
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Agustian, M. D., & Masria, S. (2022). Hubungan Usia, Jenis Kelamin dan Tingkat Pendidikan dengan Kejadian TB Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Cibadak Kabupaten Sukabumi. Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science,
- Ahmadi, M., Mortezapour, A., Kalteh, H. O., Emadi, A., Charati, J. Y., & Etemadinezhad, S. (2021). Comprehensibility of Pharmaceutical Pictograms: Effect of Prospective-User Factors and Cognitive Sign Design Features. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(2), 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.025
- Alemayehu, M., Tigabu, A., Yunkura, S., Hagos, F., & Tegene, B. (2017). Prevalence of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Associated Risk Factors among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspected Patients at Private Health Institutions in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 5(1), 61-65. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajidm-5-1-3
- Cheong, K. C., Ghazali, S. M., Zamri, A. S. S. M., Cheong, Y. L., Iderus, N. H. M., Nagalingam, T., Ruslan, Q., Omar, M. A., & Yusoff, A. F. (2022). Gender Differences in Factors Associated with the Total Delay in Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106258
- Churchyard, G., Kim, P., Shah, N. S., Rustomjee, R., Gandhi, N., Mathema, B., Dowdy, D., Kasmar, A., & Cardenas, V. (2017). What We Know About Tuberculosis Transmission: An Overview. The Journal of infectious diseases, 216(suppl_6), S629-S635. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix362
- Dinkes. (2021). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur 2021. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur. https://dinkes.jatimprov.go.id
- Hafiz, H. A. (2021). Hubungan Self Efficacy dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Pasien TB Paru. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 2(02 Januari), 429-438.
- Kemenkes. (2019). Pedoman Nasional Pengendalian Tuberkulosis. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyebaran Lingkungan.
- Kemenkes. (2020). Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis di Indonesia 2020-2024. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
- Lesch, M. F. (2003). Comprehension and Memory for Warning Symbols: Age-Related Differences and Impact of Training. Journal of Safety Research, 34(5), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.05.003
- Maharani, R., Karima, U. Q., & Kamilia, K. (2022). Socio-demographic and behavioral factors relationship with pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(E), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8157
- Natarajan, A., Beena, P., Devnikar, A. V., & Mali, S. (2020). A systemic Review on Tuberculosis. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 67(3), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.02.005
- Ng, A. W., Chan, A. H., & Ho, V. W. (2017). Comprehension by Older People of Medication Information With or Without Supplementary Pharmaceutical Pictograms. Applied ergonomics, 58, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.005
- Nurkumalasari, N., Wahyuni, D., & Ningsih, N. (2016). Hubungan Karakteristik Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru dengan Hasil Pemeriksaan Dahak di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Jurnal Keperawatan Sriwijaya, 3(2), 51-58.
- Rajesh, R., Vidyasagar, S., Varma, M., & Sharma, S. (2012). Design and Evaluation of Pictograms for Communicating Information about Adverse Drug Reactions to Antiretroviral Therapy in Indian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 16(10), 1-11.
- Saremi, M., Shekaripour, Z. S., & Khodakarim, S. (2020). Guessability of US Pharmaceutical Pictograms In Iranian Prospective Users. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1705
- Setyawan, L. F. (2018). Evaluasi Pemahaman dan Guessability Score Piktogram Kefarmasian untuk Suplementasi Tablet Besi Di Dua Puskesmas Kabupaten Banyuwangi Skripsi, Universitas Jember. Jember.
- Tork, H. M. M. (2013). A Pictogram-Based Intervention to Reduce Parental Liquid Medication Errors: Health Literacy Approach. American Journal of Nursing Science, 2(3), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20130203.12
- WHO. (2021). Global tuberculosis report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization.
References
Agustian, M. D., & Masria, S. (2022). Hubungan Usia, Jenis Kelamin dan Tingkat Pendidikan dengan Kejadian TB Paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Cibadak Kabupaten Sukabumi. Bandung Conference Series: Medical Science,
Ahmadi, M., Mortezapour, A., Kalteh, H. O., Emadi, A., Charati, J. Y., & Etemadinezhad, S. (2021). Comprehensibility of Pharmaceutical Pictograms: Effect of Prospective-User Factors and Cognitive Sign Design Features. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(2), 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.025
Alemayehu, M., Tigabu, A., Yunkura, S., Hagos, F., & Tegene, B. (2017). Prevalence of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Associated Risk Factors among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Suspected Patients at Private Health Institutions in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 5(1), 61-65. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajidm-5-1-3
Cheong, K. C., Ghazali, S. M., Zamri, A. S. S. M., Cheong, Y. L., Iderus, N. H. M., Nagalingam, T., Ruslan, Q., Omar, M. A., & Yusoff, A. F. (2022). Gender Differences in Factors Associated with the Total Delay in Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Selangor, Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), 6258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106258
Churchyard, G., Kim, P., Shah, N. S., Rustomjee, R., Gandhi, N., Mathema, B., Dowdy, D., Kasmar, A., & Cardenas, V. (2017). What We Know About Tuberculosis Transmission: An Overview. The Journal of infectious diseases, 216(suppl_6), S629-S635. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix362
Dinkes. (2021). Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur 2021. Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur. https://dinkes.jatimprov.go.id
Hafiz, H. A. (2021). Hubungan Self Efficacy dengan Kepatuhan Minum Obat pada Pasien TB Paru. Jurnal Medika Hutama, 2(02 Januari), 429-438.
Kemenkes. (2019). Pedoman Nasional Pengendalian Tuberkulosis. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Direktorat Jendral Pengendalian Penyakit dan Penyebaran Lingkungan.
Kemenkes. (2020). Strategi Nasional Penanggulangan Tuberkulosis di Indonesia 2020-2024. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.
Lesch, M. F. (2003). Comprehension and Memory for Warning Symbols: Age-Related Differences and Impact of Training. Journal of Safety Research, 34(5), 495-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.05.003
Maharani, R., Karima, U. Q., & Kamilia, K. (2022). Socio-demographic and behavioral factors relationship with pulmonary tuberculosis: A case-control study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(E), 130-135. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8157
Natarajan, A., Beena, P., Devnikar, A. V., & Mali, S. (2020). A systemic Review on Tuberculosis. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis, 67(3), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.02.005
Ng, A. W., Chan, A. H., & Ho, V. W. (2017). Comprehension by Older People of Medication Information With or Without Supplementary Pharmaceutical Pictograms. Applied ergonomics, 58, 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.06.005
Nurkumalasari, N., Wahyuni, D., & Ningsih, N. (2016). Hubungan Karakteristik Penderita Tuberkulosis Paru dengan Hasil Pemeriksaan Dahak di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir. Jurnal Keperawatan Sriwijaya, 3(2), 51-58.
Rajesh, R., Vidyasagar, S., Varma, M., & Sharma, S. (2012). Design and Evaluation of Pictograms for Communicating Information about Adverse Drug Reactions to Antiretroviral Therapy in Indian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 16(10), 1-11.
Saremi, M., Shekaripour, Z. S., & Khodakarim, S. (2020). Guessability of US Pharmaceutical Pictograms In Iranian Prospective Users. Pharmacy Practice (Granada), 18(1). https://doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1705
Setyawan, L. F. (2018). Evaluasi Pemahaman dan Guessability Score Piktogram Kefarmasian untuk Suplementasi Tablet Besi Di Dua Puskesmas Kabupaten Banyuwangi Skripsi, Universitas Jember. Jember.
Tork, H. M. M. (2013). A Pictogram-Based Intervention to Reduce Parental Liquid Medication Errors: Health Literacy Approach. American Journal of Nursing Science, 2(3), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20130203.12
WHO. (2021). Global tuberculosis report 2021. Geneva: World Health Organization.