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Abstract
The article demonstrates comparative research of the digital media usage of a particular Hungarian youth Catholic community (777 Community) and a Hungarian Krishna-Conscious Believers community. The first step is the descriptive stage which tends to focus on documenting how the investigated two groups were described or described themselves as religious communities online. After that, the intersection of online and offline religious communities’ practices and discourses will be described (highlight – rituals, community, identity, authority, and presence). How religious communities shape and renegotiate technological platforms according to their values, patterns, and the construction of their identity and presence in the public sphere will be observed. Attention should be given first to what religious Internet users do online, which will be revealed by the uses and gratifications approach. Following this, by using the Religious Social Shaping of Technology method to identify how these communities interpret and perceive these practices in relation to their broader religious and social identities. In conclusion, we can compare different value-based strategies and approaches within these two investigated religious communities.
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References
Andok, M. (2016a). Church, people and media in Hungary. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in hungary (pp. 169–194). The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Andok, M. (2016b). Digitális média és mindennapi élet (Digital media and everyday life). L’Harmattan Kiadó.
Andok, M. (2017). A kommunikáció rituális elmélete (The ritual theory of communication). Gondolat Kiadó.
Balaji, M. (2017). Introduction: Digital paths to the divine? New media, Hinduism, and the transformation of Dharmic discourse and practice. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media. Lexington Books.
Barzilai-Nahon, K., & Barzilai, G. (2005). Cultured technology: Internet and religious fundamentalism. The Information Society, 21(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240590895892
Bögre, Z. (2016). Individual religiosity, secularization and seekers among Hungarian youth. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in Hungary (pp. 195–212). The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Brubaker, P. J., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). The religious Facebook experience: Uses and gratifications of faith-based content. Social Media + Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117703
Campbell, H. A. (2006). Religion and the Internet. Communication Research Trends, 25(1), 3–24. http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v25/v25_1.pdf
Campbell, H. A. (2010). When religion meets new media (Vol. 25). Routledge.
Campbell, H. A. (2013). Introduction: The rise of the study of digital religion. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
Carey, J. W. (2009). Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Revised edition). Routledge.
Cheong, P. H., Fischer-Nielsen, P., Gelfgren, S., & Ess, C. (2012). Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, practices and future. Peter Lang Publishing.
Chetty, D. (2017). The formation of online religious identities: A case study of the Internet – Hindi in India’s cyberspace. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media (pp. 25–46). Lexington Books.
Davie, G. (1990). Believing without belonging: Is this the future of religion in Britain? Social Compass, 37(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776890037004004
Elmasry, M. H., Auter, P. J., & Peuchaud, S. R. (2014). Facebook across cultures: A cross-cultural content analysis of Egyptian, Qatari, and American student Facebook pages. Journal of Middle East Media, 10, 27–60. https://jmem.gsu.edu/files/2014/07/Elmasry-paper.pdf
Helland, C. (2010). Examining the online religious practices of the Hindu tradition: Introduction. Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 4(1), 148–150. https://doi.org/10.11588/rel.2010.1.9389
Hervieu-Léger, D. (2012). Mapping the contemporary forms of Catholic religiosity. In C. Taylor, J. Casanova, & G. F. McLean (Eds.), Church and people: Disjunctions in a secular age (pp. 25–38). Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Hoover, S. M. (2012). Religion and the media in the 21st century. Trípodos, 29, 27–35. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39028798.pdf
István, K. (1996). Krisna-tudat Magyarországon [Krishna—Conscious Believers in Hungary] [HTML]. Terebess Ázsia E-Tár. http://www.replika.c3.hu/2122/13kamar.htm
Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094393
Laney, M. J. (2005). Christian web usage: Motives and desires. In M. Hojsgaard & M. Warburg (Eds.), Religion and cyberspace (pp. 166–179). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203003572-14/christian-web-usage-michael-laney
Lövheim, M. (2013). Identity. In Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 27–38). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203084861-7/identity-mia-l%C3%B6vheim-mia-l%C3%B6vheim
MacKenzie, D. A., & Wajcman, J. (1999). Introductary essay the social shaping of technology. In D. A. MacKenzie & J. Wajcman (Eds.), The social shaping of technology (2nd edition, pp. 1–49). Open University Press.
Neriya, R., & Shahar, B. (2017). The medium is the danger: Discourse about television among Amish and ultra-orthodox (Haredi) women. Journal of Media and Religion, 16(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2017.1274590
Ratcliff, A. J., McCarthy, J., & Ritter, M. (2017). Religion and new media: A uses and gratification approach. Journal of Media and Religion, 16(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2017.1274589
Riezu, X. (2014). Uses and gratifications of a Apanish digital prayer project: Rezandovoy. Trípodos, 35, 29–42. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/191
Rosta, G., & Hegedűs, R. (2016). Seekers and dwellers in the light of empirical social research. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in Hungary (pp. 213–234). Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Scheifinger, H. (2017). The Significance of non-participatory digital religion: The Saiva Siddharta Church and the development of a global Hinduism. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media (pp. 3–24). Lexington Books.
Tomka, M. (2002). Tendances de la religiosité et de l’orientation vers les Eglises en Europe de l’est. Social Compass, 49(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768602049004005
References
Andok, M. (2016a). Church, people and media in Hungary. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in hungary (pp. 169–194). The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Andok, M. (2016b). Digitális média és mindennapi élet (Digital media and everyday life). L’Harmattan Kiadó.
Andok, M. (2017). A kommunikáció rituális elmélete (The ritual theory of communication). Gondolat Kiadó.
Balaji, M. (2017). Introduction: Digital paths to the divine? New media, Hinduism, and the transformation of Dharmic discourse and practice. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media. Lexington Books.
Barzilai-Nahon, K., & Barzilai, G. (2005). Cultured technology: Internet and religious fundamentalism. The Information Society, 21(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01972240590895892
Bögre, Z. (2016). Individual religiosity, secularization and seekers among Hungarian youth. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in Hungary (pp. 195–212). The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Brubaker, P. J., & Haigh, M. M. (2017). The religious Facebook experience: Uses and gratifications of faith-based content. Social Media + Society, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117703
Campbell, H. A. (2006). Religion and the Internet. Communication Research Trends, 25(1), 3–24. http://cscc.scu.edu/trends/v25/v25_1.pdf
Campbell, H. A. (2010). When religion meets new media (Vol. 25). Routledge.
Campbell, H. A. (2013). Introduction: The rise of the study of digital religion. In H. A. Campbell (Ed.), Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 1–21). Routledge.
Carey, J. W. (2009). Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Revised edition). Routledge.
Cheong, P. H., Fischer-Nielsen, P., Gelfgren, S., & Ess, C. (2012). Digital religion, social media and culture: Perspectives, practices and future. Peter Lang Publishing.
Chetty, D. (2017). The formation of online religious identities: A case study of the Internet – Hindi in India’s cyberspace. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media (pp. 25–46). Lexington Books.
Davie, G. (1990). Believing without belonging: Is this the future of religion in Britain? Social Compass, 37(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/10.1177/003776890037004004
Elmasry, M. H., Auter, P. J., & Peuchaud, S. R. (2014). Facebook across cultures: A cross-cultural content analysis of Egyptian, Qatari, and American student Facebook pages. Journal of Middle East Media, 10, 27–60. https://jmem.gsu.edu/files/2014/07/Elmasry-paper.pdf
Helland, C. (2010). Examining the online religious practices of the Hindu tradition: Introduction. Heidelberg Journal of Religions on the Internet, 4(1), 148–150. https://doi.org/10.11588/rel.2010.1.9389
Hervieu-Léger, D. (2012). Mapping the contemporary forms of Catholic religiosity. In C. Taylor, J. Casanova, & G. F. McLean (Eds.), Church and people: Disjunctions in a secular age (pp. 25–38). Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Hoover, S. M. (2012). Religion and the media in the 21st century. Trípodos, 29, 27–35. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39028798.pdf
István, K. (1996). Krisna-tudat Magyarországon [Krishna—Conscious Believers in Hungary] [HTML]. Terebess Ázsia E-Tár. http://www.replika.c3.hu/2122/13kamar.htm
Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094393
Laney, M. J. (2005). Christian web usage: Motives and desires. In M. Hojsgaard & M. Warburg (Eds.), Religion and cyberspace (pp. 166–179). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203003572-14/christian-web-usage-michael-laney
Lövheim, M. (2013). Identity. In Digital religion: Understanding religious practice in new media worlds (pp. 27–38). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203084861-7/identity-mia-l%C3%B6vheim-mia-l%C3%B6vheim
MacKenzie, D. A., & Wajcman, J. (1999). Introductary essay the social shaping of technology. In D. A. MacKenzie & J. Wajcman (Eds.), The social shaping of technology (2nd edition, pp. 1–49). Open University Press.
Neriya, R., & Shahar, B. (2017). The medium is the danger: Discourse about television among Amish and ultra-orthodox (Haredi) women. Journal of Media and Religion, 16(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2017.1274590
Ratcliff, A. J., McCarthy, J., & Ritter, M. (2017). Religion and new media: A uses and gratification approach. Journal of Media and Religion, 16(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2017.1274589
Riezu, X. (2014). Uses and gratifications of a Apanish digital prayer project: Rezandovoy. Trípodos, 35, 29–42. http://www.tripodos.com/index.php/Facultat_Comunicacio_Blanquerna/article/view/191
Rosta, G., & Hegedűs, R. (2016). Seekers and dwellers in the light of empirical social research. In Z. Bögre (Ed.), Seekers or dwellers? Social character of religion in Hungary (pp. 213–234). Washington: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.
Scheifinger, H. (2017). The Significance of non-participatory digital religion: The Saiva Siddharta Church and the development of a global Hinduism. In M. Balaji (Ed.), Digital Hinduism: Dharma and disclosure in the age of new media (pp. 3–24). Lexington Books.
Tomka, M. (2002). Tendances de la religiosité et de l’orientation vers les Eglises en Europe de l’est. Social Compass, 49(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768602049004005