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The 2020 #EndSARS is a youth-enthusiastic social movement in Nigeria against brutality and inhuman excesses of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad unit of the Nigerian Police Force. The protest movement started on social media and transmited to spatio-temporal platforms as numerous Nigerian youths were scattered on major streets and landmarks of the country to express their dissatisfaction with the operations and methods of the Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS). The protest was held by youths across different tribes, races and religions (with Muslims inclusive.) Just as the movement continued to increase, the participation of Nigerian Muslim youths in the protest became entwined in controversies as young Nigerian Muslim intellectuals debated the permissibility and impermissibility of protest for an ideal Muslim regardless of the circumstances. Numerous studies have examined protests, rebellions, uprisings, and coup d’états amongst other political issues affecting democracy, but they hardly study protests in the light of Islam and Muslims. This paper therefore seeks to explore this gap with a qualitative research by revisiting the history of Islamic civilization in the first few decades of Islam, approaching some Sharī‘ah principles and rereading the sensitive Islamic texts on obedience to authority in the context of contemporary realities surrounding the Nigerian Muslim ’Ummah. The paper concludes that while a protest is typically detestable under Islamic polity, it may rob Islam of its essence if such an opinion is upheld for Nigerian Muslims on 2020 #EndSARS, without considering the social, political, and constitutional factors influencing the movement in Nigeria.
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References
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References
Abdulaziz, A. (2010). Al-dharā’i‘ and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah: A case study of Islamic insurance. Intellectual Discourse, 18(2), 261–281. https://journals.iium.edu.my/intdiscourse/index.php/id/article/view/161/
Abu-Rish, Z. (2014). Protests, regime stability, and state formation in Jordan. In M. Kamrava (Ed.), Beyond the Arab Spring: The evolving ruling bargain in the Middle East (pp. 277–312). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199384419.003.0011
Adigun, O. (2018). The political consequences of the protests against neo-liberal reforms in Nigeria: The case of OccupyNigeria movement. Journal of Political Science and Leadership Research, 4(2), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.17613/M69882M51
Al-Atawneh, M. (2016). Khurūj in contemporary Islamic Thought: The case of the “Arab Spring.” Ilahiyat Studies, 7(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.12730/13091719.2016.71.139
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Alkhawaja, O. (Ed.). (2021). Applying the Islamic law of rebellion to a modern context. Berkeley Journal of Middle Eastern & Islamic Law, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38J09W52C
Amiot-Cadey, G. & Merriam-Webster Inc. (2010). Merriam-Webster’s Arabic-English Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc.
Andrain, C. F., & Apter, D. E. (1995). Political protest and social change: Analyzing politics. NYU Press.
Auvinen, J. Y. (1996). IMF intervention and political protest in the Third World: A conventional wisdom refined. Third World Quarterly, 17(3), 377–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599615425
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Celso, A. N. (2015). The Islamic State and Boko Haram: Fifth wave jihadist terror groups. Orbis, 59(2), 249–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2015.02.010
Chisom, O. B. (2021). Democracy and right to freedom of expression: A case study on the Nigerian youth protest on police brutality. Open Journal of Political Science, 11(1), Article 01. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojps.2021.111004
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Egbunike, N., & Olorunnisola, A. (2015). Social media and the #Occupy Nigeria Protests: Igniting or damping a Harmattan storm? Journal of African Media Studies, 7(2), 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.7.2.141_1
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George, L., & Akwagyiram, A. (2020, October 20). Lagos imposes indefinite curfew to curb Nigeria protests, police deploy anti-riot squad. Reuters World News. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-protests-idAFKBN27527Q
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Ibrahim, N. (2017). Intermediality of images: A semiotic analysis of the ‘Occupy Nigeria Protest’ images on social media. Journal of African Media Studies, 9(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1386/jams.9.1.33_1
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Ikalewumi, F. (2022). Youths protest in Nigeria: The EndSARS in perspective. Wukari International Studies Journal, 6(1), 23–23. https://wissjournals.com.ng/index.php/wiss/article/view/17
Iqbal, J. J. (1984). The concept of state in Islam. American Journal of Islam and Society, 1(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v1i1.2818
Iwuoha, V. C., & Aniche, E. T. (2022). Protests and blood on the streets: Repressive state, police brutality and #EndSARS protest in Nigeria. Security Journal, 35(4), 1102–1124. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-021-00316-z
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Kombol, M. A. (2014). Uses of social media among selected labour unions in Abuja during Nigeria’s (January 2012) “Oil Subsidy” Removal Protests. Studies in Media and Communication, 2(1), 102–114. https://doi.org/10.11114/smc.v2i1.401
Lesch, D. W. (2013). The Uprising that wasn’t supposed to happen: Syria and the Arab Spring. In M. L. Haas & D. W. Lesch (Eds.), The Arab Spring: Change and resistance in the Middle East. Westview Press. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/mono/125
Nakissa, A. (2015). The fiqh of revolution and the Arab Spring: Secondary segmentation as a trend in Islamic legal doctrine. The Muslim World, 105(3), 398–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12098
Naku, D. (2020, October 3). Rivers police shot Sleek, left him to die on floor of Keke Marwa –Sister of late musician. Punch Newspapers. https://punchng.com/rivers-police-shot-sleek-left-him-to-die-on-floor-of-keke-marwa-sister-of-late-musician/
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Olawoyin, O. (2017, December 16). Hijab controversy: Affected law graduate, Amasa Firdaus, speaks. Premium Times Nigeria. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/252618-hijab-controversy-affected-law-graduate-amasa-firdaus-speaks.html
Peters, R. (1980). Idjtihād and taqlīd in 18th and 19th century Islam. Die Welt Des Islams, 20(3/4), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.2307/1569501
Roose, J. M. (2013). Contesting Islam through the 2012 Sydney protests: An analysis of post-protest political discourse amongst Australian Muslims. Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations, 24(4), 479–499. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.812323
Ruijgrok, K. (2017). From the web to the streets: Internet and protests under authoritarian regimes. Democratization, 24(3), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1223630
Rutherford, B. K. (2013a). Egypt after Mubarak: Liberalism, Islam, and democracy in the Arab World. Princeton University Press.
Rutherford, B. K. (2013b). Egypt: The Origins and consequences of the January 25 Uprising. In M. L. Haas & D. W. Lesch (Eds.), The Arab Spring: Change and resistance in the Middle East. Westview Press. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/mono/125
Ryan, C. R. (2013). Jordan and the Arab Spring. In M. L. Haas & D. W. Lesch (Eds.), The Arab Spring: Change and resistance in the Middle East. Westview Press. https://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/mono/125
Salleh, A. D., Kashim, M. I. A. M., Adnan, N. I. M., Ghani, N. A. R. N. A., & Jamsari, E. A. (2019). Theory and application of sadd al-dhara’i‘ (blocking the means) in Shafi‘iyya school. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(1), 724–737. https://hrmars.com/index.php/IJARBSS/article/view/5475/Theory-and-Application-of-Sadd-al-Dharai-Blocking-the-Means-in-Shafiiyya-School
Salvatore, A. (2014). A public sphere revolution?: Social media versus authoritarian regimes. In L. Sadiki (Ed.), Routledge handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking democratization (pp. 343–353). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315763026-34/public-sphere-revolution-armando-salvatore
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